فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 33، بهار 1396)

Iran and Saudi Arabia are the main actorsin the Middle Eastbecause of the breadth of the lands, huge repertoires of oil, geopolitical situations. They have a considerable influence in the development of the Middle East. Saudi cities of Mecca and Medina, their claim on the leadership,along with their strategic ties with the Muslim world and America made this country an influential one. Iran also claims to be the leadership in the Muslim world with an independent policy and a supporter of Islamic countries and movements. Due to the desire of both countries to expand their influence among Islamic countries, there is a stiff competition between them. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What were the causes of the decrease in Saudi-Iranian relation in the first decade after the Islamic Revolution in Iran?
What were the factors contributing to this challenge and tension in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia?
What was the impact of Islamic Revolution in Saudi-Iranian relations?
What were the impact of religious and ideological differences on relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia?
What were other contributing factors in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia?
The study is based on the assumption that relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the first decade after the Islamic Revolution has been accompanied by challenges and stress so that relations between the two countries have been strained. Reasons for the worsening of relations between the two countries in this period are: the ideological nature of the two countries, the Islamic Revolution and the fear of its export to Saudi, competition in the power block and the role of regional powers, imposed war, Hajj Ibrahim, Palestinian issue, oil and gas geopolitics of the Persian Gulf, the Persian Gulf Council and so on.
This descriptive and analytical study is based on primary sources and the research methods is library research. In some cases, the documents Documentation Center and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were used.

The entry of western ideas in Qajar era raised reactions from various social strata, especially the intelligentsia. A significant number ofQajar princes, who possess special facilities, became experts in different fields. Prince Qoli Mirza Eetzadosaltaneh is one of the educated characters inthis family.Hismasteryin the science ofhistoryisworthspecial attention. Studying Etezadosaltaneh's historiography, the history of hiswritingcan be dividedinto two stages: following thetraditionalhistoriography,and historiographyonmodern methods. This study has investigated the history and historiography in the works of AliQuliMirza Aksyraltvarykh titles, dates, events in Afghanistan, those who claim to prophets, Bábí movement, Maragheh Observatory, the geography of Mazandaranand so on. The study seeks to findanswerstothe followingquestionsis: 1-What are the reasons for changing the way Etezadosaltaneh historiography?
2- What are the requisites that effected Etezadosaltaneh problem in his writings?
3- What are the reasons for the publication and closure of Snyh Iran newspaper?
Current study is a historical research and its methodology combines narrative and descriptive analytical methods.

One of the most important debates during Reza Shah era was the expansion and development of Iran's foreign trade with new countries that hadno contribution in Iran's foreign tradebefore the First World War. Japan was the only Asian country that had not such a strong history of political and economic relation with Iran, but could sharply make certain contributionto Iran's foreign trade.
The present article attempts to investigate trade relation between Iran and Japan in Reza Shah era on the basis of archive documents, press articles, and library sources.

In the second half of the 19th century, after the rise of arguments about the necessity of orthographic reform for progress, Ali Suavi, an ottoman religious intellectual, wrote an article about the necessity and method of reforming orthography in the London-based Mokhber newspaper in the year 1867. The article drew harsh criticisms from MirzaFathaliAkhundzadeh. In 1874, years after Akhundzadeh had criticized Suavi’s newspaper article, Akhund Ahmad Hosseinzadeh, the Caucasus Sheikholeslam (i.e., top religious scholar) and an old friend of Akhundzadeh’s, penned a book titled “Moallem al-Atfaal” in which he proposed ideas similar to those of Suavi on the necessity of reforming orthography.
A comparative study of the works of Hosseinzadeh and Suavi and the possible effect of Hosseinzadeh’s use of Suavi’s idea on his relationship with Akhundzadeh, is the focus of the present work, which is studied through a descriptive and analytic method. Also, an attempt is made to answer the following questions: to what extent did Hosseinzadeh adopt the ideas and writings of Suavi and what was the effect of this on his friendly relationship with Akhundzadeh?

Isfahan, as a prosperous district having a strategic position at the bank of Zayandehrood River, has a special position in the history of Iran. During the Islamic era, Isfahan was noticeably prosperous because of this it attracted the attention of different tribes and races and conquerors who brought prosperity to the city in return. However, political and religious struggles and the social hypocrisy governing the city in the sixth H.Sh. Century reduced its prosperity. This little prosperity was terminated by the looting of the Mongols continuing towards the start of the Safavid Dynasty. This paper attempts at investigating the social-economic backgrounds of the conquer of Isfahan by the Mongols, based on clarifying the conditions of the time in Isfahan and raising the question about the effect of the looting of the Mongols on the social and economic life of the city, to identify the consequences of this conquer. Results of the study show that looting of the Mongols brought about a break down in the social life and a recession in the economic life of urban as well as rural life of Isfahan, bringing about changes in the structure of the city.

With the advent of Constitutional Revolution private lands was spread dramatically, as a result of sale process of government's pure lands. However, merging Iran's economy with global economy led to the emergence of capitalists who invested a lotto buy farms. Also various groups of officials, peasants, bureaucrats, and businessmen joined to the owners and landlord class. The present study, using historical research method, seeksto answer to the question that how the landholding system evolved with the advent of Constitutional Revolution especially to function the first parliament in connection with land ownership. Research findings show that measures took by first parliament of the national assembly seemto be conservative and non-revolutionary, and peasants did not see so radical actions and evolutions from the first parliament to divide the land against land lords and land owners and constitutional Revolution actually contributed to the growth the great ownership system.

Legitimacy is the change of naked power into the authority accepted by individuals in a society. Resources of legitimacy in each society can be defined as justified regarding culture and traditions dominating that society. In the history of Iran, mostly the military force determined the victorious side enjoying the right to govern, after the establishment of its government, each dynasty tried to legitimate its government by resorting to historical traditions. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, as the founder of the Qajar Government in Iran, did not find much chance to legitimate Qajar; therefore, after taking the throne, Fath-Ali Shah tried to legitimate his government by utilizing current traditions in the Islamic Era. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate legitimizing efforts of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar based on criteria such as relative and natural privileges, utilizing royal traditions in Iran, and religious legitimacy through using a descriptive-analytical method and employing library research.

Expensiveness and bread famine happened continuously in Naseri era caused political, social and economic crisis in Iran. The results of continuous bread crisis were death rate or morality, immigration, economic depression, government financial tensions, and insecurity.We want to know the result and effects of bread crisis on public opinion and politicians thought of other countries. How could they influence and have track in Iran? And what was the positive and negative economic results for them?Our assumption is thatfamines decreased political and economic credits of Iranian government and put the chance to foreign politicians for more influence and interfere in Iran affairs.Marketing recession of foreign products and the ban on corn export were the negative result of this crisis for foreign countries.The immigration of merchants and Iranian labor forces to these countries were the positive results for them.

Studying different aspects of the impact of Mongols in Iran attracted the attention of many researchers. Management and administration system has an important impact on Mongols’ government in Iran. Evidently, the Mongols in their early days of entering Iran implemented their new territories and their own administrative practices. On the other hand, Iran has a long background in management and administration system, so by employing the elements of the administrative system of Iran, Mongols in Iran that the affair was inevitable, the friction and the inconsistency between these elements and created some paradoxes. This factor led to the complexity of the integration Mongol and Iranian administrative organization early time of Mongol domination in Persia. Presumably, Mongol historian reported the administrative evolution which inspired by Iranian idea and this caused some obscurity in the interpretation of administration events. The aim of this article is revisit and review historian reports in order to compare the Mongol and Iranian administrative formation and articulating the shaping process and evolution of that during the early Mongol’s domination in Iran.